PARTICIPLE

INTRODUCTION

A Participle is a word formed from a verb which can be used as an Adjective and it is one of the types of non-finite verb form. It’s name comes from the Latin ‘’Participum’’ which means‘’Sharing’’ ,it is so named because the ancient Greek and Latin participles  ‘share some of the catogaries of the Adjective or Noun (gender, numbers,case) and some of those of the verb (tenses,voices) for example in the phrases “the finishing touches” and “the finished touches”, finishing and finished are participles made from the verb “finish”. 

                        There are three formsof participles the present participles, the past participles and the perfect participles.Participles are often identified with a Particular Tense participles may alsobe identified with a particular voice. Active or Passive.Some languages have distinct participles for Active and Passive users. In English the present participle is essentially an active participle while the past participle has both Active and Passive forms.

CONTENT

                        We know that participles, Gerunds and Infinitives are called Verbals.Verbals are words which are formed from a verb but which functions as a different part of speeches.Present Participles ending with –ING as in we are going, and the past participles ending with –D or –ED for many verbs and with other letters in other verbs, as in have you decided? ,new houses are being built; it’s not broken. Participles are often used in writing to introduce subordinate clauses that relate to other words in a sentence. Example hermother, opening the door quietly, come in to the room, where it is her mother who is opening the door. Other examples are hearing a noise I went out to look having been born in Rochdale, he spent most of his life in the area.Participles at the beginning of a sentence as in the last two examples are perfectly acceptable grammatically but when they  areover used they can produce a poor style.

A worse stylistic error occurs with so called “DANGLING PARTICIPLES”. participles ‘ dangle when the action they describe is not being performed by the subject of the sentence. Interpreted verb literally ,the sentence recently converted  in to apartments ,I passed by the house where I grew up implies that the person writing has recently been converted into apartments. A small group of participles, which includes allowing for, assuming, considering ,excepting, given including provided seeing (as/ that) and speaking (of) have become prepositions or conjunctions in their own right and their use when unrelated to the subject of the sentence is now standard and perfectly acceptable , as in speaking of money ,how much did this all lost.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

              Present participle form is also used as an Adjective  eg; As an Adjective ‘I am a working woman’ working is used here as an Adjective. The  present participle can also be used as a noun denoting the action of a verb a Gerund. But remember the present participle can be used as an verb or an Adjective while the Gerund is used as an noun. The present participle of most verbs has the form BASE+ING eg; The verbs “dancing” in “he was dancing and in “ crying” in “the baby is crying” are present participles.

RULES FOR PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM

v The general rule is “ base form of the verb+ ing”

Eg; work- working

Sleep-sleeping

Grow- growing

Meet- meeting

Go- going

v If a one syllable verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant +consonant.doubled the final  consonant adding- ing

Eg; cut-cutting

          Win-winning

         Run – running

          Beg- begging

          Sit- sitting

v If a verb has more than one syllable and ends in consonant+ vowel+ consonant, we doubled the final consonant only if the final syllable is stressed and added –ing

Eg; occur-occurring

Commit-committing

Format-formatting

Begin-beginning

Refer- referring

Admit- admitting

v When we see that a verb ends in –ic , we add  -k and then –ing.

Eg. Picnic- picnicking

Frolic-frolicking

Panic-panicking

Traffic-trafficking

Mimic-mimicking.

v When a verb ends in silent –e  the silent –e is dropped and -ing is added

Eg; divide- dividing

Close-closing

Live-living

Write-writing

Vote-voting

Move –moving

v When a verb ends in an –e which is not silent the final –e is not dropped before endind –ing is added

Eg; be- being

See-seeing

v When a verb ends in –ie the –ie is changed to –y before the ending –ing is added

Eg; die-dying

Vie-vying

Lie-lying

THE VERB	THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
To rise	The rising sun
To boil	The boiling water
To break	The breaking news
To cook	The cooking ham

Some more examples of present participle form

·        The laughing man is stronger than a suffering man.

·        The only thing that  comes to a sleeping man is dreams.

·        If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous he will not bite you. This is the difference between a dog and a man.

EXERCISE ON PRESENT PARTICIPLES

Ø ________dogs (bark)

Ø --------------children (play)

Ø --------------cowboys (dance)

Ø -----------people (lie)

Ø ----------ducks (swim)

Ø ---------teachers (sing)

Ø The people today _______(travel) for ore than they were used to

Ø My sister is ______(fly) back to the states tomorrow.

Ø The player is ______(run) as fast as possible .he would like to score better.

Ø Stop ___________ ( throw)  stones at the birds.

Ø The woodcutter is ________(chop) blocks of woods.

PAST PARTICIPLE

A Past participle indicates past or completed action or time. If it often called the –ED  form ;as it is formed by adding –D or -ED ,to the base form of regular verbs however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs.

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

  A regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called an irregular verbs.

  In English ,for example verbs such as play, enter and associate are regular, since they form their  inflected parts by adding the typical ending –s - ing –ed- to give forms such as plays, entering, associated. On the other hand ,verbs such as drink, hit,  and have are irregular ,since some of their parts are not made according to the typical pattern ‘drank and drunk’.(not drinked)  hit  (as past tense and past participle), (not hitted) and has and had  (not Haves and Haved).

If the Verb ends with a Vowel only  D’  is added. Eg ;shared, scared, dared.

If the Verb ends with a Consonant ed is added .eg; wanted ,shouted ,killed.

 In irregular verbs those verbs that undergo substantial changes when changing forms between tenses are irregular verbs .There is no way to tell what form an irregular verb is going to take on changed tense. The only option for an English speaker is to commit the changes to memory

PRESENT TENSE	PAST TENSE
go	went
run	ran
think	thought

To make the Past tense or Past participle form of most verbs, (regular verbs) .we simply add  _ED at the end.

Example using the Verb  “walk”

Past tense I Walked through the maze

Past participle  Ihave walked through the maze.

Irregular verbs are not that simple,

example using the verb “see”

Past tense We saw the secret maps.

Past Participle we have seen the secret maps.

 Past participles are used for all perfect tense forms of a verb and in the passive voice in the English.

SOME EXAMPLES OF PAST PARTICIPLE FORM

o   The _______son (lose)

o   An _______audience  (interest)

o   A ____leg (break)

o   An---------- bottle  (empty)

o   A________ doors (close)

o   The -----------Apples (buy)

o   The --------- Letters (write)

o   Two ------ bags (pack)

IRREGULAR VERBS- PAST PARTICIPLE

Ø We’ve already _________(have ) lunch

Ø This was the first time she had ______ (do) her home work

Ø We have _____this secret for three years   (keep).

REGULAR VERBS –PAST PARTICIPLE

Ø I ______ (walk) to work last week.

Ø It ------(end) at 6 pm

Ø They __________ (use)  my new pen

Ø You _________(like) the movie. i didn’t.

Ø We _________(marry) in a church.

Ø  

RULES FOR PAST PARTICIPLE FORM

 The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with regular verbs.

From Perfect tenses (Present perfect simple)—I have spoken.

From passive voice (the letter was written)

As an Adjective form I--- I was bored to death.

For Irregular participle forms see third column of Irregular verbs. Regular verbs from the past participle by adding __ED however ,note the following exceptions in spelling.

Exceptions when adding _ED	Examples
After a final –E only added _D	Love -Loved
Final Consonant after a short ,stressed Vowel, or /as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	Admit- Admitted Travel_Travelled
Final Y after a consonant becomes	Hurry---hurried

The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject.

Examples: The boy was given an apple. he stopped crying----Giving an apple ,the boy stopped crying.

PERFECT PARTICIPLE

The perfect participle indicates completed action.You form the perfect participle by putting the present participle having  in front  of the past participle.

For Examples;  having done, having finished, having read, having  spoken ,it can be used to form the passive voice.

RULES FOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE FORM

The perfect participle form can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if.

·        One action is completed before the next action starts.

Example; she brought a bike and cycled home- having brought a bike, She  cycled home.

·        One action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts.

 Example; He had been living there for such a long time that he didn’t want to move to another town.- having lived there for such a long time, he didn’t want to move to another town.

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.

Active voice;- having+ past participle. (having cooked, he set the table)

Passive voice;- having been+ past participle (having been cooked ,the food looked delicious.)

 EXERCISE ON PERFECT PARTICIPLE

·        We switched off the lights before we went to bed.

·        The boy asked his mother’s permission and then went out to play.

·        As he had drunk too much, he didn’t drive home himself.

·        We have written two tests today, so we are very exhausted.

·        Since I has not seen him for ages, I didn’t recognize him.

·        We had worked in the garden all day and were sun burned in the evening

CONCLUSION

     A participle is a form  of a  verb that is used in the sentence to modify a noun ,noun phrase, verb or verb phrase, and thus plays a role similar to that of an Adjective or Adverb .participles are often identified with a particular tense, as with the English  present participle and past participle. However this is often a matter of convention; present participles are not necessarily associated with the expression of present time, or past participles necessarily with past time; participles may also be identified with a particular voice; Active or passive. In English present participles is essentially an active participle, while the past participle has both active and passive users.

REFERENCE

www.participles.org.in